Date of Award

9-1976

Degree Type

Master's Essay - Restricted

Degree Name

Master of Science (MS)

Department

Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering

First Advisor

Jahanbakhsh Behnam

Abstract

The history of development of cities shows that a considerable amount of attention was given to the demand of pedestrians in the city planning. At the times when transportation and communication systems were not as efficient and automized as in the present age, walking was an important mode for maintaining social, religious and business contacts. The ancient cities were built to provide these contacts with the help of pedestrian plazas. Pedestrian plazas were us.ed to serve as a market place and dais for religious and festive occasions. In many cities pedestrians were protected from heat, rain and snow by galleries, canopies and porticos. Advancement of technology resulted in the development of modern transportation systems. Railways were first to be developed as means of mass transportation, and railways gave a touch of industrialization to the urban life. The clean environment of cities started deteriorating partially with the development of automobiles. Increased use of automobiles for transportation purposes have added several problems to the urban life namely environmental pollution, safety of pedestrians and drivers, and traffic congestion which are attributed to automobiles. The central business districts (CBDS) of cities are usually the most affected by the heavy traffic congestions and consequent air pollution. Congestion in CBD is due to dense population and high concentration of economic activities in small areas.

Comments

An Essay submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science, Department of Civil Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

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