Impact of Traffic on Air Pollution in a Mid-Sized Urban City During COVID-19 Lockdowns

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

6-2023

Publisher

Springer

Source Publication

Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health

Source ISSN

1873-9318

Original Item ID

DOI: 10.1007/s11869-023-01330-3

Abstract

In this study, we evaluated the changes in air pollutant concentrations around Milwaukee, WI, during and after lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic for a period of 126 days. Measurements of particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10), NH3, H2S, and O3 + NO2, were made on a 74-km route of arterial and highway roads from April to August 2020 using a Sniffer 4D sensor mounted to a vehicle. Traffic volume during measurement periods were estimated from smartphone-based traffic data. From lockdown (March 24, 2020–June 11, 2020) to post-lockdown (June 12, 2020–August 26, 2020) median traffic volume increased roughly 30–84%, depending upon the road type. In addition, increases in mean concentrations of NH3 (277%), PM (220–307%), and O3 + NO2 (28%) were also observed. For both traffic and air pollutants, abrupt changes in the data were observed mid-June, shortly after lockdown measures were lifted in Milwaukee County. Indeed, traffic was able to explain up to 57% of PM, 47% of NH3, and 42% of O3 + NO2 variance in pollutant concentrations on arterial and highway road segments. Two arterial roads that did not have statistically significant changes in traffic patterns during the lockdown exhibited no statistically significant trends between traffic and air quality parameters. This study demonstrated that COVID-19 lockdowns in Milwaukee, WI, caused significant decreases in traffic, which in turn had a direct impact on air pollutants. It also highlights the need for traffic volume and air quality data at relevant spatial and temporal scales for accurately assessing source apportionment of combustion-based air pollutants, which cannot be captured with typical ground-based sensor systems.

Comments

Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, Vol. 16, No. 6 (June 2023): 1141-1152. DOI.

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