Three-Dimensional Displacement of Upper Cervical Vertebrae in Severe Mandibular Deviation Caused by Condylar Hyperplasia: A Tomographic Segmentation Study

Authors

• Claudia Milena Ramírez, Universidad del Valle
• Rodrigo Cárdenas-Perilla, Centro Médico Imbanaco-Grupo Salud
• Luis Eduardo Almeida, Marquette UniversityFollow
• Diego Fernando López, Universidad del Valle

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2-2026

Publisher

MDPI

Source Publication

Diagnostics

Source ISSN

2075-4418

Original Item ID

DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics16040579

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the three-dimensional (3D) angular displacement (Roll, Yaw, and Pitch) of the upper cervical vertebrae (C1, C2, and C3) in patients with severe mandibular deviation (MD) due to condylar hyperplasia (CH), utilizing a computed tomography (CT)-based segmentation approach. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 50 patients with MD ≥ 6 mm caused by hemimandibular elongation (HE) or a hybrid form (HF) of CH. The skull, mandible, and cervical vertebrae (C1–C3) were segmented using 3D Slicer software. Angular deviations (Pitch, Yaw, Roll) were measured relative to the Frankfurt plane. Patients were categorized by the side of CH (right or left), and intergroup comparisons were performed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests. Spearman’s correlation analyses assessed associations between MD magnitude and cervical angles. Results: CH was significantly more prevalent in females (58%; p = 0.021). C2 and C3 exhibited significantly increased lateral Roll inclination toward the side of deviation (p = 0.006 and p = 0.045, respectively). C2 Pitch negatively correlated with MD severity bilaterally (r ≈ −0.51, p = 0.02 right; r ≈ −0.50, p = 0.02 left). Strong intra-vertebral correlations between Pitch and Yaw were observed in C1 and C2, indicating synchronized vertical and rotational motion. No significant intergroup differences were found in Yaw angles (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Patients with CH and severe MD exhibit consistent patterns of 3D cervical displacement, particularly in lateral inclination and vertical movement, suggesting compensatory postural adaptations in the upper cervical spine.

Comments

Published version. Diagnostics, Vol. 16, No. 4 (2026). DOI. © 2026 MDPI. Used with permission.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Recommended Citation

Ramírez, Claudia Milena; Cárdenas-Perilla, Rodrigo; Almeida, Luis Eduardo; and López, Diego Fernando, "Three-Dimensional Displacement of Upper Cervical Vertebrae in Severe Mandibular Deviation Caused by Condylar Hyperplasia: A Tomographic Segmentation Study" (2026). School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications. 583.
https://epublications.marquette.edu/dentistry_fac/583