ReLU Neural Networks with Linear Layers Are Biased towards Single- and Multi-index Models

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2025

Publisher

Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics

Source Publication

SIAM Journal on Mathematics of Data Science

Source ISSN

2577-0187

Original Item ID

DOI: 10.1137/24M1672158

Abstract

Neural networks often operate in the overparameterized regime, in which there are far more parameters than training samples, allowing the training data to fit perfectly. That is, training the network effectively learns an interpolating function, and properties of the interpolant affect predictions the network will make on new samples. This manuscript explores how properties of such functions learned by neural networks of depth greater than two layers. Our framework considers a family of networks of varying depths that all have the same capacity but different representation costs. The representation cost of a function induced by a neural network architecture is the minimum sum of squared weights needed for the network to represent the function; it reflects the function space bias associated with the architecture. Our results show that adding additional linear layers to the input side of a shallow ReLU network yields a representation cost favoring functions with low mixed variation–-that is, it has limited variation in directions orthogonal to a low-dimensional subspace and can be well approximated by a single- or multi-index model. This bias occurs because minimizing the sum of squared weights of the linear layers is equivalent to minimizing a low-rank promoting Schatten quasi-norm of a single “virtual” weight matrix. Our experiments confirm this behavior in standard network training regimes. They additionally show that linear layers can improve generalization and the learned network is well-aligned with the true latent low-dimensional linear subspace when data is generated using a multi-index model.

Comments

SIAM Journal on Mathematics of Data Science, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2025): 1021-1052. DOI.

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